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This is probably the easiest to install and use. For more info about Tk, including pointers to the source, see the Tcl/Tk home page at <a class="reference external" href="http://www.tcl.tk">http://www.tcl.tk</a>. Tcl/Tk is fully portable to the MacOS, Windows, and Unix platforms.</p> </div> <div class="section" id="wxwindows"> <h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id4">1.1.2 wxWindows</a></h3> <p>wxWindows is a portable GUI class library written in C++ that's a portable interface to various platform-specific libraries; wxPython is a Python interface to wxWindows. wxWindows supports Windows and MacOS; on Unix variants, it supports both GTk+ and Motif toolkits. wxWindows preserves the look and feel of the underlying graphics toolkit, and there is quite a rich widget set and collection of GDI classes. See <a class="reference external" href="http://www.wxwindows.org">the wxWindows page</a> for more details.</p> <p><a class="reference external" href="http://alldunn.com/wxPython">wxPython</a> is an extension module that wraps many of the wxWindows C++ classes, and is quickly gaining popularity amongst Python developers. You can get wxPython as part of the source or CVS distribution of wxWindows, or directly from its home page.</p> </div> <div class="section" id="qt"> <h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id5">1.1.3 Qt</a></h3> <p>There are bindings available for the Qt toolkit (<a class="reference external" href="http://www.riverbankcomputing.co.uk/pyqt/">PyQt</a>) and for KDE (PyKDE). If you're writing open source software, you don't need to pay for PyQt, but if you want to write proprietary applications, you must buy a PyQt license from <a class="reference external" href="http://www.riverbankcomputing.co.uk">Riverbank Computing</a> and a Qt license from <a class="reference external" href="http://www.trolltech.com">Trolltech</a>.</p> </div> <div class="section" id="gtk"> <h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id6">1.1.4 GTk+</a></h3> <p>PyGTk bindings for the <a class="reference external" href="http://www.gtk.org">GTk+ toolkit</a> have been implemented by by James Henstridge; see <a class="reference external" href="ftp://ftp.gtk.org/pub/gtk/python/">ftp://ftp.gtk.org/pub/gtk/python/</a>.</p> </div> <div class="section" id="fltk"> <h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id7">1.1.5 FLTK</a></h3> <p>Python bindings for <a class="reference external" href="http://www.fltk.org">the FLTK toolkit</a>, a simple yet powerful and mature cross-platform windowing system, are available from <a class="reference external" href="http://pyfltk.sourceforge.net">the PyFLTK project</a>.</p> </div> <div class="section" id="fox"> <h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id8">1.1.6 FOX</a></h3> <p>A wrapper for <a class="reference external" href="http://www.fox-toolkit.org/">the FOX toolkit</a> called <a class="reference external" href="http://fxpy.sourceforge.net/">FXpy</a> is available. FOX supports both Unix variants and Windows.</p> </div> <div class="section" id="opengl"> <h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id9">1.1.7 OpenGL</a></h3> <p>For OpenGL bindings, see <a class="reference external" href="http://pyopengl.sourceforge.net">PyOpenGL</a>.</p> </div> </div> <div class="section" id="what-platform-specific-gui-toolkits-exist-for-python"> <h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id10">1.2 What platform-specific GUI toolkits exist for Python?</a></h2> <p><a class="reference external" href="http://www.python.org/download/download_mac.html">The Mac port</a> by Jack Jansen has a rich and ever-growing set of modules that support the native Mac toolbox calls. The port includes support for MacOS9 and MacOS X's Carbon libraries. By installing the <a class="reference external" href="http://pyobjc.sourceforge.net">PyObjc Objective-C bridge</a>, Python programs can use MacOS X's Cocoa libraries. See the documentation that comes with the Mac port.</p> <p><a class="reference external" href="http://www.python.org/windows">Pythonwin</a> by Mark Hammond includes an interface to the Microsoft Foundation Classes and a Python programming environment using it that's written mostly in Python.</p> </div> </div> <div class="section" id="tkinter-questions"> <h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id11">2 Tkinter questions</a></h1> <div class="section" id="how-do-i-freeze-tkinter-applications"> <h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id12">2.1 How do I freeze Tkinter applications?</a></h2> <p>Freeze is a tool to create stand-alone applications. When freezing Tkinter applications, the applications will not be truly stand-alone, as the application will still need the Tcl and Tk libraries.</p> <p>One solution is to ship the application with the tcl and tk libraries, and point to them at run-time using the TCL_LIBRARY and TK_LIBRARY environment variables.</p> <p>To get truly stand-alone applications, the Tcl scripts that form the library have to be integrated into the application as well. One tool supporting that is SAM (stand-alone modules), which is part of the Tix distribution (<a class="reference external" href="http://tix.mne.com">http://tix.mne.com</a>). Build Tix with SAM enabled, perform the appropriate call to Tclsam_init etc inside Python's Modules/tkappinit.c, and link with libtclsam and libtksam (you might include the Tix libraries as well).</p> </div> <div class="section" id="can-i-have-tk-events-handled-while-waiting-for-i-o"> <h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id13">2.2 Can I have Tk events handled while waiting for I/O?</a></h2> <p>Yes, and you don't even need threads! But you'll have to restructure your I/O code a bit. Tk has the equivalent of Xt's XtAddInput() call, which allows you to register a callback function which will be called from the Tk mainloop when I/O is possible on a file descriptor. Here's what you need:</p> <pre class="literal-block"> from Tkinter import tkinter tkinter.createfilehandler(file, mask, callback) </pre> <p>The file may be a Python file or socket object (actually, anything with a fileno() method), or an integer file descriptor. The mask is one of the constants tkinter.READABLE or tkinter.WRITABLE. The callback is called as follows:</p> <pre class="literal-block"> callback(file, mask) </pre> <p>You must unregister the callback when you're done, using</p> <pre class="literal-block"> tkinter.deletefilehandler(file) </pre> <p>Note: since you don't know <em>how many bytes</em> are available for reading, you can't use the Python file object's read or readline methods, since these will insist on reading a predefined number of bytes. For sockets, the recv() or recvfrom() methods will work fine; for other files, use os.read(file.fileno(), maxbytecount).</p> </div> <div class="section" id="i-can-t-get-key-bindings-to-work-in-tkinter-why"> <h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id14">2.3 I can't get key bindings to work in Tkinter: why?</a></h2> <p>An often-heard complaint is that event handlers bound to events with the bind() method don't get handled even when the appropriate key is pressed.</p> <p>The most common cause is that the widget to which the binding applies doesn't have "keyboard focus". Check out the Tk documentation for the focus command. Usually a widget is given the keyboard focus by clicking in it (but not for labels; see the takefocus option).</p> </div> </div> </div> </body> </html>
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